Disasters are always enabled by default and they always occure in colony games and the campaign game. But how do you manage with these annoying events? Here are some possible ways of doing this.
Reserch:
Reserching specific technologies will give you early warnings on disasters. The warnings, while not very long, allow you to move units out of the way and idle structures in the path of the more dangerous disasters. Doing this also prevents loss of life, saving your people and your morale. The first technology is Seismology. After that, Vulcanology, Meteorology, Severe Atmospheric Disturbance, Meteor Detection (Plymouth Only). In the above order, they give Earthquake warning, Volcanic Eruption warning, Electrical Storm warning, Vortex (tornado) warning, and the final one gives meteor warning, which is available to Plymouth only, as they do not have Observatories.
Satellites:
Only one satellite type will give you disaster warning. The Edward Satellite, once launched, will begin to give you even more warning to such events, as well as survey every beacon on the map.
There are Three levels of disaster warning. No warning (It tells you something like "Warning, Vortex detected!" with nothing before.) Iminent warning ("Caution, Seismic Event imininet"), and Whatch warning. ("Caution, Vortex whatch initiated.")
To get the Whatch warning, you must have a combination of the technology reserched and the Edward Satellite in orbit. If either is lacking, you only get Iminent warning. Both are needed for the third level.
The only exception is with meteors. Plymouth gets detection of these events through reserch. Eden must have an observatory built and active to gain the third level for meteor warning. The Edward satellite will still detect meteors in absence of a Observatory (only 2nd level warning is given)
DIRT: (Disaster Instant Response Team)
These buildings are useful for protection against all disasterous events except large meteors, which destroy anything in their immediate vincinity, and Vortexes. They do, however, still help in these cases. Try to have under 100% protection for your buildings. This gives you the full 25% damage reduction. This prevents damage caused by disasters and reduces the time that EMP weapons are in effect. They also reduce damage from weapon fire.
Idleing:
Always idle buildings in the vincinity or in the path of every disaster but the Electrical storm. All the other disasters are capeable of destroying any building in a very short period of time. Idleing structures reduces the amount of damage a structure takes, and it also prevents loss of colonists, saving your morale.
*Note: Idle buildings in advance of a disaster, there is a short delay for the workers to leave the building. If you idle it just as the building is going to be destroyed, the people inside will still be lost.
Meteor Defence and the Observatory (Eden)
Meteor defence is the best way to defend against meteor type disasters. An observatory must be active for meteor defences to work. They also have the added ability of destroying EMP missiles.