In Plymouth mission 12, the food stored is set to either 1000, or 3000, depending on difficulty.
However, if the level doesn't specifically set it, I think I've seen some code that suggests it will get carried over from the previous mission. But this is irrelevant for this mission, since the mission does set it.
The level also sets the amount of ore and rare ore stored. What's interesting though, is the population. If the number of workers is 0, then it sets your population to 48 workers, 32 scientists, and 80 kids, as well as setting your tech level to 11.
In other words, your population seems to carry over. If you had a large population in the last mission, then you'll probably starve pretty quick. If building agridomes as fast as you can just doesn't do it, then try replaying the last mission, and manage your population. If you have too many people, take your nursery offline for a while. Also, if you're about to starve, you can also try idling non-essential buildings (i.e., not the agridomes), and seeing if they stay operational while the rest of your colony starves. That might allow just the right amount of people to starve off while the agridomes stay active to support the survivors. I've noticed that when you starve, agridome workers often die and take those buildings offline, leading to further rounds of starvation.
Btw, none of the patches would affect this at all. It really doesn't matter what version you're using.