Actually there are particles that are theorized to travel faster than the speed of light. They are called tachyons.
The reason you can't accelerate to the speed of light is mathematically because of the lorentz factor. Basically the faster the object moves, the more massive it becomes. The more massive it becomes the harder it is to accelerate. If you take the limit of this as velocity approaches c, you get infinity.
In your black hole thought experiment you are confusing frames of reference. Just because something appears to happen, doesn't mean it immediately occurred. When we see a supernova, it could very well have been millions of years ago. Lets do a thought experiment.
Assume we have a spaceship that can withstand the gravitational forces of a black hole. We have the spacecraft, a black hole, and an outside observer. The spacecraft then begins to fly towards the black hole.
To the outside observer time is normal, but if he could see the clocks inside the spacecraft, they would begin to move slower. The spacecraft would also get dimmer as less light will make it back to the observer. The spacecraft would approach the event horizon, but NEVER cross it. Think, once inside the event horizon no light can escape. From this perspective the spacecraft appear to slow down.
From the spacecraft's point of view, everything around him (like looking out to the universe) would appear to speed up. Everything would become brighter. At the moment of crossing the event horizon they would experience a radiation flash. They would see the end of the universe, but its not looking into the future, to his perspective it is occurring (due to the massive time slowing).
Actually the special theory of relativity holds true for FTL (faster than light) travel. It only has a problem with something with rest mass accelerating to the speed of light, or something moving FTL decelerating to the speed of light.